Transport
The transport distances of wood raw materials from the harvesting sites in the forests to the mills have been reported separately for trucks, rail and ships. The trucks and rail wagons are normally loaded to full capacity but go back empty. The trucks carry 40-44 tonnes of wood. This information has been collected on a species-species basis for each mill, considering the wet weight of the wood. Data has also been collected for the delivery of saw mill residues and similar sources of fibre. Distances and tonnages of wood delivered have then been used to calculate the total t.km for delivery of wood by each mode of transport (truck, rail and boat). This is then used to calculate the t.km/t of production for each grade (Kraftliner, Semi Chemical Fluting and Recycled Fluting and Testliner) at each mill, calculated on a mill-by-mill, input-by-input basis. A weighted average t.km is then calculated based on the relative production share of each mill.
A similar approach is applied for calculating the transport requirements for recovered paper. Transport distances from point of origin of the recovered paper bales to the mills have been reported on a recovered paper grade-by-grade basis for each mill. Distances and tonnages of recovered paper delivered have then been used to calculate the total t.km for delivery of recovered paper by each mode of transport (truck, rail and boat). This is then used to calculate the t.km/t of production for each grade (Kraftliner, Semi Chemical Fluting and Recycled Fluting and Testliner) at each mill, calculated on a mill-by-mill, input-by-input basis. A weighted average t.km is then based on the relative production share of each mill. Generally, the lorries are loaded to full capacity. On the return trip it is estimated that 40% of the trucks return empty.
Assuming this is transported by a truck with a loading capacity of 40 tonnes this means that this figure has to be used in combination with data on inputs and outputs for transport by a 40t truck.
Transport of the residues was not included in the questionnaire as this was seen to be part of the residue treatment. During the discussions with the technical experts it became clear that the transport of rejects is mainly to nearby landfill, 3-30 km.
Data was also collected from the papermills on average delivery distances and modes of transports to their customers. This data was provided on a product-by-product basis and was used to calculate a weighted average t.km for delivery of paper to the corrugated board plants.
However, any one corrugating plant will of course source the substrates they use from many different suppliers. Therefore, the values presented in the inventory are only indicative and in practice users of the data may wish to consider delivery of materials on a case-by-case.
Internal transport is included in the energy input.