Sustainable forest management 

There is currently no life cycle impact assessment methodology for biodiversity impacts of forest management to produce primary fibres for fibre-based products. Nevertheless, biodiversity impacts are an essential element of forest industry products. Sustainable forest management practices have been developed to protect and maintain the ecosystem services in managed forests and plantations. The voluntary sustainable forest management certification schemes have been designed to address relevant practices that help protect ecosystem services such as biodiversity or those that are impacted by land use and their implementation has been verified through an accredited, independent third party. These practices set a proxy for mitigating land use impacts and protecting biodiversity.
The data collection revealed that more than 80% of the pulp wood used for the production of corrugated base papers by the companies returning the survey was chain of custody certified under a forest management system, i.e., being sourced from sustainably managed forests. Predominantly, primary fibres are FSC or PEFC chain of custody certified. 
Details of the specific countries of origin and species of wood used are not provided in this report.